What is Artificial Intelligence and What are its Types?

Artificial Intelligence has always been a topic of excitement for me, AI has given new heights to science and it is making wonderful products for years now. Whenever we hear the term Artificial Intelligence the first thing that comes to our mind is Robots, Although Robotics has been one of the major areas of AI, in real AI is more than that. 

Let us first start with the definition of Artificial Intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence is defined as the Science that makes computer to do certain things that if done by a normal user requires intelligence. According to Techopedia Artifical Intelligence is an area of Computer Science that emphasizes on the creation of intelligent machines that works and react like human beings.

There are many definitions out there on the web, but the main conclusion that we can draw from all of them is that AI can be defined that branch of computer science that is working on the process of making the machine intelligent and make them think like a human brain.

Now as we have the idea of what AI actually is, let us shift our focus to types of AI now:

• Artificial Emotional Intelligence (AEI): Programming emotions into a machine is the field of Artificial Emotional Intelligence so that after reaching the state of singularity (Singularity is explained in below)  machine can identify us and won't be taking unwanted actions against us and also will be able to follow our instructions.


• Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): ANI is one of the types of Artificial Intelligence it is also called as Weak AI. ANI is that type of AI where the machine is only expert in a particular area for example if our machine is expert in playing chess, It can only do that and can't do anything else.


• Artificial Wide Intelligence (AWI): AWI is one of the types of Artificial Intelligence it is also called as Strong AI. AWI is that type of AI where the machine will be as powerful as a human being and the brain of a machine will be started to work like a normal human being does and Common sense of a human will also be there in the machine.


• Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI): Artificial Super Intelligence is also called as Singularity, Once the Machine becomes as powerful as the human being after that there will be time to time improvement in it and then it will reach a level that will be called as the Singularity level. If Singularity level reached and the machine will become more powerful that human beings then there might be the case that machine won't be taking the order of humans , so all these things have to be taken into consideration that make machine as powerful as you can make them but always keep in mind one thing that program them in such a way that they should never judge them above their creators and follow their instructions always.

       Application areas of Artificial Intelligence:

        

        Here are some.

          1 ) Game Playing

You can buy machines that can play master level chess for a few hundred dollars. There is some AI in them, but they play well against people mainly through brute force computation--looking at hundreds of thousands of positions. To beat a world champion by brute force and known reliable heuristics requires being able to look at 200 million positions per second.

          2) Speech Recognition

In the 1990s, computer speech recognition reached a practical level for limited purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced its keyboard tree for flight information by a system using speech recognition of flight numbers and city names. It is quite convenient. On the other hand, while it is possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users have gone back to the keyboard and the mouse as still more convenient.

          3) Understanding Natural Language

Just getting a sequence of words into a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences is not enough either. The computer has to be provided with an understanding of the domain the text is about, and this is presently possible only for very limited domains.

          4) Computer Vision

The world is composed of three-dimensional objects, but the inputs to the human eye and computers' TV cameras are two-dimensional. Some useful programs can work solely in two dimensions, but full computer vision requires partial three-dimensional information that is not just a set of two-dimensional views. At present, there are only limited ways of representing three-dimensional information directly, and they are not as good as what humans evidently use.

          5) Expert Systems

A "knowledge engineer'' interviews experts in a certain domain and tries to embody their knowledge in a computer program for carrying out some task. How well this works depends on whether the intellectual mechanisms required for the task are within the present state of AI. When this turned out not to be so, there were many disappointing results. One of the first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974, which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments. It did better than medical students or practicing doctors, provided its limitations were observed. Namely, its ontology included bacteria, symptoms, and treatments and did not include patients, doctors, hospitals, death, recovery, and events occurring in time. Its interactions depended on a single patient being considered. Since the experts consulted by the knowledge engineers knew about patients, doctors, death, recovery, etc., it is clear that the knowledge engineers forced what the experts told them into a predetermined framework. In the present state of AI, this has to be true. The usefulness of current expert systems depends on their users having common sense.

          6) Heuristic Classification

One of the most feasible kinds of the expert system given the present knowledge of AI is to put some information in one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of information. An example is advising whether to accept a proposed credit card purchase. Information is available about the owner of the credit card, his record of payment and also about the item he is buying and about the establishment from which he is buying it (e.g., about whether there have been previous credit card frauds at this establishment).

Note: This above application areas  information is taken from

http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node3.html

That's all friends in this article of mine, just go through the article and get to know about the     awesome science of Artificial Intelligence.